Impact of the Psycho-Education Program to Prevent Dating Violence on Attitudes towards Dating Violence

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33308/26674874.2024381539

Keywords:

Preventing Dating Violence, Attitudes Toward Dating Violence, Psychoeducation

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of the dating violence prevention psycho-educational program on attitudes toward the flirting intensity. This study is a quasi-experimental study comprised of a preliminary and final test control group with an experimental and control group. Twenty-six university students participated in the study, of which 13 were experiments and 13 were control groups. The experimental and control group members were made up of female students aged 18-25 who had a dating relationship or previous dating experience. The research used the subscales of "The Attitudes Towards Dating Violence Scales," "Attitudes Towards Male Physical Dating Violence Scales" and the "The Attitudes Towards Male Psychological Dating Violence Scale" as data collection tools. The experimental group was given an eight-session psycho-education program for dating violence prevention, ranging from 60-90 minutes weekly, based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. There was no action taken to the control group. Two-Way Mixed-Design ANOVA is used to differentiate between experiment and control groups. There was a significant difference between the experiment and control group members’ score averages from the Attitude Towards Men’s Physical and Psychological Violence in Flirting. Findings suggest that psycho-education is effective for women in reducing male attitudes toward physical and psychological violence in dating. For this reason, it is considered that the psycho-education program on preventing flirtation violence based on cognitive behaviors can be used by women as a means to reduce the attitudes of men towards physical and psychological violence in dating.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Mehmet Latif Candemir, Muş Alparslan University

Mehmet Latif Candemir is a lecturer at Muş Alparslan University.

Yağmur Ulusoy Doğmuş, Inönü University

Yağmur Ulusoy Doğmuş is a  lecturer at Inonu University.

References

Adler-Baeder, F., Kerpelman, J. L., Schramm, D. G., Higginbotham, B., & Paulk, A. (2007). The impact of relationship education on adolescents of diverse backgrounds. Family Relations, 56(3), 291-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2007.00460.x

Akan, Y. & Kıran, B. (2017). Erkeklerin şiddete maruz kalma ve şiddet uygulama yaşantıları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Education Technology and Scientific Researches, 2(2), 47-71.

Alegría-Flores, K., Raker, K., Pleasants, R. K., Weaver, M. A., & Weinberger, M. (2017). Preventing interpersonal violence on college campuses: The effect of one act training on bystander intervention. Journal of İnterpersonal Violence, 32(7), 1103-1126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515587666

Antle, B. F., Sullivan, D. J., Dryden, A., Karam, E. A., & Barbee, A. P. (2011). Healthy relationship education for dating violence prevention among high-risk youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(1), 173-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.08.031

Avery-Leaf, S., Cascardi, M., O'Leary, K. D., & Cano, A. (1997). Efficacy of a dating violence prevention program on attitudes justifying aggression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 21(1), 11–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(96)00309-6

Avşar Baldan, B., & Akış, N. (2017). Flört şiddeti. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 43(1), 41-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.429472

Ball, B., Kerig, P. K., & Rosenbluth, P. (2009). “Like a family but better because you can actually trust each other”: The expect respect dating violence prevention program for at-risk youth. Health Promotion Practice, 10(1), 45-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908322115

Ball, B., Tharp, A. T., Noonan, R. K., Valle, L. A., Hamburger, M. E., & Rosenbluth, B. (2012). Expect respect support groups preliminary evaluation of a dating violence prevention program for at-risk youth. Violence against Women, 18(7), 746-762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212455188

Barnett, O.W., Miller-Perrin, C. L., & Perrin, R. D. (1997). Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction. Sage.

Beck, J. S. (2011). Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond. (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Bisson, J. I., Ehlers, A., Matthews, R., Pilling, S., Richards, D., & Turner, S. (2007). Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 97–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021402

Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (12. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.

Carlson, C. N. (2003). Invisible victims: Holding the educational system liable for teen dating violence at school. Harvard Women’s Law Journal, 26, 351–93.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2006). Physical dating violence among high school students: United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55(19), 532-535.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008). Teen Dating Violence: Fact Sheet. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/12373

Christensen, L., Jonhson, R. B., & Turner, L. (2014). Research methods, desing and analysis, global edition (12th ed.). Pearson.

Coker, A. L., Bush, H. M., Cook-Craig, P. G., DeGue, S. A., Clear, E. R., Brancato, C. J., ... & Recktenwald, E. A. (2017). RCT testing bystander effectiveness to reduce violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(5), 566-578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.020

Colorado Revised Statudes. (2016). “Offense" defined- offenses classified- common-law crimes abolished. https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2016-title-18.pdf

Corey, M.S., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2010). Groups: Process and practice (8th ed.). Brooks/Cole.

Cortés, L., Bringas, C., Rodríguez-Franco, L., Flores, M., Ramiro, T., & Rodríguez, F. J. (2014). Unperceived dating violence among Mexican students. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14, 39-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-2600(14)70035-3

Crespo, M., & Arinero, M. (2010). Assessment of the efficacy of a psychological treatment for women victims of violence by their intimate male partner. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 849-863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S113874160000250X

Çakır Koçak, Y., & Öztürk Can, H. (2019). Flört şiddeti: Tanımı, sınıflaması ve değerlendirmesi. Özbaşaran, F. (Ed.) Toplumsal Cinsiyet ve Kadın içinde (ss.43-53). Türkiye Klinikleri.

De los Angeles Cruz-Almanza, M., Gaona-Márquez, L., & Sánchez-Sosa, J. J. (2006). Empowering women abused by their problem drinker spouses: Effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention. Salud Mental, 29(5), 25–31.

Dobson, D., & Dobson, K. S. (2018). Evidence-based practice of cognitive-behavioral therapy. (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319-345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0

Fidan, F., & Yeşil, Y. (2018). Nedenleri ve sonuçları itibariyle flört Şiddeti. Balkan ve Yakın Doğu Sosyal Bilim Dergisi, 4(1), 16-24.

Field, A., & Hole, G. (2019). Araştırma nasıl tasarlanır ve raporlaştırılır (Çev. A. Özer, Ed. & Trans.). Anı Yayıncılık.

Finley, L. L. (2011). Dating violence. In L. L. Finley (Ed.) Encyclopedia of School Crime and Violence içinde (ss.130-132). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.

Foshee, V. A., Bauman, K. E., Ennett, S. T., Suchindran, C., Benefield, T., & Linder, G. F. (2005). Assessing the effects of the dating violence prevention program “Safe Dates” using random coefficientregression modeling. Prevention Science, 6(3), 245-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-005-0007-0

Gelles, R. J., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence. Simon & Schuster.

Göz, E. & Dokuzcan, D. A. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinin interaktif flört şiddeti eğitimi. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 495-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1053845

Gözütok, D., Karacaoğlu, C., & Er, O. (2007). Çocuklar evde de okulda da dövülüyor. A. Solak (Ed.) Okullarda şiddet ve çocuk suçluluğu içinde(ss.133-149). Hegem.

Halpern, C. T., Oslak, M. L., Young, S., Martin, S. L. Martin, & Kupper, L. L. (2001). Partner violence among adolescents in opposite-sex romantic relationships: Findings from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. American Journal of Public Health 91(10), 1679–1685. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.10.1679

Henton, J., Koval, J., Lloyd, S., & Christopher, S. (1983). Romance and violence in dating relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 4(3), 467-482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019251383004003004

Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender differences in psychological, physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Violence and Victims, 18(2), 197–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.2.197

Howard, D. E., & Wang, M. (2003). Risk profiles of adolescent girls who were victims of dating violence. Adolescence, 38, 1-14.

Iverson, K. M., Gradus, J. L., Resick, P. A., Suvak, M. K., Smith, K. F., & Monson, C. M. (2011). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD and depression symptoms reduces risk for future intimate partner violence among interpersonal trauma survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(2), 193–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022512

Jaycox, L. H., McCaffrey, D., Eiseman, B., Aronoff, J., Shelley, G. A., Collins, R. L., & Marshall, G. N. (2006). Impact of a school-based dating violence prevention program among Latino teens: Randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5), 694-704. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.05.002

Jennings, W. G., Okeem, C., Piquero, A. R., Sellers, C. S., Theobald, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2017). Dating and intimate partner violence among young persons ages 15–30: Evidence from a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 33, 107–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.007

Johnson, D. M., Zlotnick, C., & Perez, S. (2011). Cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD in residents of battered women’s shelters: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 542–551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023822

Josephson, W. L., & Proulx, J. B. (2008). Violence in young adolescents' relationships: A path model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(2), 189-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507309340

Karal, D. (2011). Korkmadan öğrenmek: Okul ve okul çevresi güvenliği hakkında rapor. Rapor No:11-6. Uşak: Uluslararası Stratejik Araştırmalar Kurumu Sosyal Araştırmalar Merkezi. https://docplayer.biz.tr/13646804-Korkmadan-ogrenmek-okul-ve-okul-cevresi-guvenligi.html

Kerpelman, J. (2010). The youth build USA evaluation study of love notes. Making relationships work for young adults and young parents. https://www.dibbleinstitute.org/Documents/YBUSA-Love-Notes-Evaluation-report-2010.pdf.

Krantz, G., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2005). Violence against women. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(10), 818-821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.022756

Krug, Etienne G., Dahlberg, Linda L., Mercy, James A., Zwi, Anthony B., Lozano, Rafael. et al. (‎2002)‎. World report on violence and health. World Health Organization. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0

Kuffel, S. W., & Katz, J. (2002). Preventing physical, psychological, and sexual aggression ı̇n college dating relationships. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22(4), 361-374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015275506306

Lettiere, A. ve Nakano, A. M. S. (2011). Domestic violence: possibilities and limitations in coping. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfargem, 19(6), 1421-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692011000600020

Lewis, S. F., & Fremouw, W. (2001). Dating violence: A critical review of the literature. Clilnical Psychology Review, 21(1), 105-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00042-2

Locmic, M., Opic, S., & Bilic, V. (2013). Violence against teachers- rule or exception. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 1(2), 6-15.

McManus, S., Walby, S., Capelas Barbosa, E., Appleby, L., Traolach, B., Bebbington, P. E., Cook, A. E., & Knipe, D. (2022). Intimate partner violence, suicidality, and self-harm: a probability sample survey of the general population in England. Lancet Psychiatry, 9, 574-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00151-1

Meyer, H., & Stein, N. (2004). Relationship violence prevention education in schools: What's working, what's getting in the way, and what are some future directions. American Journal of Health Education, 35(4), 198-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2004.10603642

Mıhçıokur S., & Akın, A. (2015). Flört şiddeti- “Şiddet’li sevgi”. Sağlık ve Toplum, 25(2), 9-15.

Miller, S., Williams, J., Cutbush, S., Gibbs, D., Clinton-Sherrod, M., & Jones, S. (2015). Evaluation of the Start Strong initiative: Preventing teen dating violence and promoting healthy relationships among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(2), 14-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.11.003

Mulawa, M., Kajula, L.J., Yamanis, T.J., Balvanz, P., Kilonzo, M.N., & Maman, S. (2018). Perpetration and victimization of intimate partner violence among young men and women in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(16), 2486- 2511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515625910

Murphy, C. M., & Hoover, S. A. (1999). Measuring emotional abuse in dating relationships as a multifactorial construct. Violence and Victims, 14(1), 39-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.14.1.39

Murray, J. (2013). But I love him: Protecting your teen daughter from controlling, abusive dating relationships. Harper Collins Publishers.

Ntinapogias, A. Petroulaki, K., & Tsirigoti, A. (2011). Booklet 1: Master package & how to develop your own “GEAR against IPV” national package. European Anti-Violence Network.

O’Leary, K. D., Woodin, E. M., & Fritz, P. A. (2006). Can we prevent the hitting? Recommendations for preventing intimate partner violence between young adults. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 13(3-4), 121-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J146v13n03_06

Offenhauer, P., & Buchalter, A. (2011). Teen dating violence: A literature review and annotated bibliography. U.S. Department of Justice. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e726412011-001

Özdere, M., & Kürtül, N. (2018). Flört şiddeti eğitiminin üniversite öğrencilerinin flört şiddetine ilişkin tutumlarına etkisi. Social Science Development Journal, 3, 123-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31567/ssd.46

Öztürk, N., Karabulut, M., & Sertoğlu, E. (2018). Gençlerle güvenli ilişkiler üzerine çalışmak: eğitimciler ve danışmanlar için el kitabı (2. Baskı). Punto Baskı Çözümleri.

Pearson, M. (2009). Love U2: Getting smarter about relationships. The Dibble Institute for Marriage Education.

Perangin-Angin, S., Wijono, S., & Hunga, A.I.R. (2021). Applying cognitive-behavioral therapy to help survivors of dating violence: A pilot study. Jurnal Psikologi, 48(1), 41-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.56023

Polat, O. (2016). Şiddet (Violence). Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 22(1), 15-34.

Price, E. L., Byers, E. S. & The Dating Violence Research Team. (1999). The attitudes towards dating violence scales: development and initial validation. Journal of Family Violence, 14(4), 351-375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022830114772

Rabin, B., Markus, E., & Voghera, N. (1999). A comparative study of Jewish and Arab battered women presenting in the emergency room of a general hospital. Social Work in Health Care, 29(2), 69-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J010v29n02_04

Resick, P. A. & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 748-756. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.60.5.748

Riojas, N. G., & Cisneros, B. E. C. (2013). Intervencion centrada en soluciones-cognitivo conductual en un caso de violencia en el noviazgo. Revista Elecronica de Psicologia Iztacala, 16(2), 476-503.

Rizzo, C. J., Joppa, M., Barker, D., Collibee, C., Zlotnick, C., & Brown, L. K. (2018). Project date SMART: a dating violence (DV) and sexual risk prevention program for adolescent girls with prior DV exposure. Prevention Science, 19(4), 416–426. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0871-z

Robson, C. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri/ gerçek dünya Araştırması. Çınkır, Ş. ve Demirkasımoğlu, N. (Ed.) Sabit Desenler içinde (ss.97-157). Anı Yayıncılık.

Rosen, K. H., & Bezold, A. (1996). Dating violence and prevention: A didactic support group for young women. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74(5), 521–525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01904.x

Rubio-Garay, F., López-González, M. A., Carrasco, M. A., & Amor, P. J. (2017). Prevalencia de la violencia en el noviazgo: Una revisión sistemática. Papeles del Psicólogo, 38(2), 135-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2831

Saltzman, L. E., Fanslow, J. L., McMahon, P. M., & Shelley, G. A. (1999). Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Sánchez-Jiménez, V., Muñoz-Fernández, N., & Ortega-Rivera, J. (2018). Efficacy evaluation of "Dat-e Adolescence": A dating violence prevention program in Spain. PLoS ONE, 13(10), e0205802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205802

Saraç, H. (2022). Genç yetişkinlerin flört ilişkilerinde şiddeti önlemeye yönelik geliştirilen psikoeğitim programının etkililiğinin değerlendirilmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi.

Schwartz, J. P., Magee, M. M., Griffin, L. D., & Dupuis, C. W. (2004). Effects of a group preventive intervention on risk and protective factors related to dating violence. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8(3), 221–231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.8.3.221

Set, Z. (2020). Flört şiddeti: Bir gözden geçirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12(4), 444-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.674468

Solso, R. L., & Johnson, H. H. (2005). Psikolojide deneysel yönteme giriş: Vaka yaklaşımı. Ayşe Ayçiçeği Dinn (Çev.). Bilge Kültür Sanat.

Stader, D. L. (2011) Dating violence. The Clearing House: A Journal Of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 84(4), 139-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00098655.2011.564980

Straus, M.A. (2004, September). Cross cultural reliability and validity of the revised Conflict Tactics scales. Paper to be presented at the XVIWorld Meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression, Santorini, Greece. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e552522012-135

Sugarman, D. B., & Hotaling, G. T. (1989). Violent men in intimate relationships: An analysis or risk markers. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 19, 1034–1048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01237.x

Şimşek, G. F., & Kavas, A. B. (2018). Flört şiddetine yönelik tutum, toplumsal cinsiyet ve benlik saygısı arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Gür, M, Güneş, M. Ş., Bilen, Ö. (Ed.), Aile eksenli şiddetten sosyal travmalara içinde (ss.158-172). HEGEM Yayınları.

Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.

Taylor, B. G., Stein, N. D., Mumford, E. A., & Woods, D. (2013). Shifting boundaries: An experimental evaluation of a dating violence prevention program in middle schools. Prevention Science, 14(1), 64-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0293-2

Toplu-Demirtaş, E., Hatipoğlu-Sümer, Z., & Fincham, F. (2017). Intimate partner violence in Turkey: The Turkish Intimate Partner Violence Attitude Scale-Revised. Journal of Family Violence, 32, 349-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9852-9

Trabold, N., McMahon, J., Alsobrooks, S., Whitney, S., & Mittal, M. (2018). A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions: State of the field and implications for practitioners. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 21(2), 311-325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018767934

Üstünel, A. Ö. (2020). A feminist approach to dating violence prevention: Creating change towards safety, equality and mutuality. Feminism & Psychology, 30, 143-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353519882462

Vagi, K.J., Olsen, E.O., Basile, K.C., Vivolo-Kantor, A.M. (2015). Teen dating violence (physical and sexual) among us high school students. Findings from the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(5), 474-482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3577

Villafañe, A., Jiménez, M., Capellas, M., & Collazo, S. (2010). Un modelo de consejería grupal para estudiantes impactadas por la violencia. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 126-127, 45-58.

Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C., Jaffe, P., Chiodo, D., Hughes, R., Ellis, W., Stitt, L., & Donner, A. (2009). A school-based program to prevent adolescent dating violence: a cluster randomized trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 163(8), 692-699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.69

World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health Summary: 2002. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241545615.

Yalom, I. D. (2018). Kısa süreli grup terapileri. Pegasus Yayınları.

Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). Basic Books/Hachette Book Group.

Yanez-Peñúñuri, L.Y., Martínez-Gómez, J.A., & Rey-Anacona, C.A. (2019). Terapötik mağdurlar ve failler için müdahale flört şiddeti: Sistematik bir inceleme. RevistaI beroamericana de Psicología y Salud, 10(2), 107-121.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press.

Yumuşak, A., & Şahin, R. (2014). Flörtte Şiddete Yönelik Tutum Ölçeklerinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(49), 233-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.55295

Published

2024-01-12

How to Cite

Candemir, M. L., & Ulusoy Doğmuş, Y. (2024). Impact of the Psycho-Education Program to Prevent Dating Violence on Attitudes towards Dating Violence. Journal of Education for Life, 38(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.33308/26674874.2024381539